Heterozygous mutations in the C-terminal domain of COPA underlie a complex autoinflammatory syndrome.

Mutations in the N-terminal WD40 domain of coatomer protein complex subunit α (COPA) cause a type I interferonopathy, typically characterized by alveolar hemorrhage, arthritis, and nephritis. We described 3 heterozygous mutations in the C-terminal domain (CTD) of COPA (p.C1013S, p.R1058C, and p.R1142X) in 6 children from 3 unrelated families with a similar syndrome of autoinflammation and autoimmunity. We showed that these CTD COPA mutations disrupt the integrity and the function of coat protein complex I (COPI). In COPAR1142X and COPAR1058C fibroblasts, we demonstrated that COPI dysfunction causes both an anterograde ER-to-Golgi and a retrograde Golgi-to-ER trafficking defect. The disturbed intracellular trafficking resulted in a cGAS/STING-dependent upregulation of the type I IFN signaling in patients and patient-derived cell lines, albeit through a distinct molecular mechanism in comparison with mutations in the WD40 domain of COPA. We showed that CTD COPA mutations induce an activation of ER stress and NF-κB signaling in patient-derived primary cell lines. These results demonstrate the importance of the integrity of the CTD of COPA for COPI function and homeostatic intracellular trafficking, essential to ER homeostasis. CTD COPA mutations result in disease by increased ER stress, disturbed intracellular transport, and increased proinflammatory signaling.

COPA syndrome caused by a novel p.Arg227Cys COPA gene variant.

BACKGROUND: COPA syndrome is a recently described and rare monogenic autosomal dominant disease caused by heterozygous missense mutations in the Coatomer Protein Subunit alpha (COPA) gene that encodes the alpha subunit of coat protein complex I (COPI). Its main clinical manifestations are inflammatory lung disease, arthritis, and renal disease. The development of inflammation in COPA syndrome maybe due to abnormal autophagic response and abnormal activation of type I interferon pathway. To date, 59 cases of COPA have been reported worldwide. METHODS: In this case, Trio-whole exome sequencing was employed in the proband and her parents to identify the underlying genetic cause. COPA variant were detected and the clinical presentation of the patient was described. RESULTS: Herein, we report a case of a 5-year-old girl with COPA syndrome who presented with symptoms of arthritis combined with Anti-neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitis (AAV), and progressive renal decline with minimal pulmonary involvement. Trio-whole exome sequencing was performed which revealed a novel heterozygous likely pathogenic variation in the COPA gene (c.679C>T,p.Arg227Cys), which was maternally inherited. Her mother was a heterozygote, but she had no phenotypic manifestations. No other mutations associated with the clinical phenotype were identified. CONCLUSION: The present identification and characterization of a novel mutation expands the genotypic spectra of the COPA syndrome and provide reference data to guide future clinical diagnosis and treatment of COPA syndrome.

Proteomic analysis of glomeruli, tubules and renal interstitium in idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN): A statistically observational study.

Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) is a common type of primary glomerulonephritis, which pathogenesis are highly involved protein and immune regulation. Therefore, we investigated protein expression in different microregions of the IMN kidney tissue. We used laser capture microdissection and mass spectrometry to identify the proteins in the kidney tissue. Using MSstats software to identify the differently expressed protein (DEP). Gene ontology analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis were used to predict and enrich the potential functions of the DEPs, and DEPs were compared to the Public data in the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database for screening biomarkers of IMN. Immune infiltration analysis was used to analyze the immune proportion in IMN. Three significantly up-regulated proteins were identified in the glomeruli of patients with IMN; 9 significantly up-regulated and 6 significantly down-regulated proteins were identified in the interstitium of patients with IMN. Gene ontology analysis showed that the DEPs in the glomerulus and interstitium were mostly enriched in "biological regulation, the immune system, and metabolic processes." Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that the DEPs in the glomerulus and interstitium were mostly enriched in the "immune system" and the "complement and coagulation cascades. " According to the public information of the GEO database, DEPs in our study, Coatomer subunit delta Archain 1, Laminin subunit alpha-5, and Galectin-1 were highly expressed in the IMN samples from the GEO database; in the immune infiltration analysis, the proportion of resting memory CD4 T cells and activated NK cells in IMN were significantly higher than in the normal group. This study confirmed that there were significant differences in protein expression in different micro-regions of patients with IMN, The protein Coatomer subunit delta Archain 1, Laminin subunit alpha 5, Galectin-1 are potential biomarkers of IMN, the memory T cells CD4 and NK cells, maybe involved in the immunologic mechanism in the development of IMN.

COPI coatomer subunit α-COP interacts with the RNA binding protein Nucleolin via a C-terminal dilysine motif.

The COPI coatomer subunit α-COP has been shown to co-precipitate mRNA in multiple settings, but it was unclear whether the interaction with mRNA was direct or mediated by interaction with an adapter protein. The COPI complex often interacts with proteins via C-terminal dilysine domains. A search for candidate RNA binding proteins with C-terminal dilysine motifs yielded Nucleolin, which terminates in a KKxKxx sequence. This protein was an especially intriguing candidate as it has been identified as an interacting partner for Survival Motor Neuron protein (SMN). Loss of SMN causes the neurodegenerative disease Spinal Muscular Atrophy. We have previously shown that SMN and α-COP interact and co-migrate in axons, and that overexpression of α-COP reduced phenotypic severity in cell culture and animal models of SMA. We show here that in an mRNA independent manner, endogenous Nucleolin co-precipitates endogenous α-COP and ε-COP but not ß-COP which may reflect an interaction with the so-called B-subcomplex rather a complete COPI heptamer. The ability of Nucleolin to bind to α-COP requires the presence of the C-terminal KKxKxx domain of Nucleolin. Furthermore, we have generated a point mutant in the WD40 domain of α-COP which eliminates its ability to co-precipitate Nucleolin but does not interfere with precipitation of partners mediated by non-KKxKxx motifs such as the kainate receptor subunit 2. We propose that via interaction between the C-terminal dilysine motif of Nucleolin and the WD40 domain of α-COP, Nucleolin acts an adaptor to allow α-COP to interact with a population of mRNA.

RhoGAP6 interacts with COPI to regulate protein transport.

RhoGAP6 is the most highly expressed GTPase-activating protein (GAP) in platelets specific for RhoA. Structurally RhoGAP6 contains a central catalytic GAP domain surrounded by large, disordered N- and C-termini of unknown function. Sequence analysis revealed three conserved consecutive overlapping di-tryptophan motifs close to the RhoGAP6 C-terminus which were predicted to bind to the mu homology domain (MHD) of δ-COP, a component of the COPI vesicle complex. We confirmed an endogenous interaction between RhoGAP6 and δ-COP in human platelets using GST-CD2AP which binds an N-terminal RhoGAP6 SH3 binding motif. Next, we confirmed that the MHD of δ-COP and the di-tryptophan motifs of RhoGAP6 mediate the interaction between both proteins. Each of the three di-tryptophan motifs appeared necessary for stable δ-COP binding. Proteomic analysis of other potential RhoGAP6 di-tryptophan motif binding partners indicated that the RhoGAP6/δ-COP interaction connects RhoGAP6 to the whole COPI complex. 14-3-3 was also established as a RhoGAP6 binding partner and its binding site was mapped to serine 37. We provide evidence of potential cross-regulation between 14-3-3 and δ-COP binding, however, neither δ-COP nor 14-3-3 binding to RhoGAP6 impacted RhoA activity. Instead, analysis of protein transport through the secretory pathway demonstrated that RhoGAP6/δ-COP binding increased protein transport to the plasma membrane, as did a catalytically inactive mutant of RhoGAP6. Overall, we have identified a novel interaction between RhoGAP6 and δ-COP which is mediated by conserved C-terminal di-tryptophan motifs, and which might control protein transport in platelets.

The presence of ß'1-COP and ß'2-COP is required for female and male gametophyte development.

Coat protein I (COPI) and Coat protein II (COPII) coated vesicles mediate protein transport in the early secretory pathway. Although several components of COPII vesicles have been shown to have an essential role in Arabidopsis gametogenesis, the function of COPI components in gametogenesis has not been studied in detail. COPI consists of a heptameric complex made of α, ß, ß', γ, δ, ɛ, and ζ-COP subunits and most subunits have several isoforms in Arabidopsis. We have found that two isoforms of the ß'-COP subunit, ß'1-COP and ß'2-COP, are required for female and male gametophyte development. Reciprocal crosses between wild type plants and plants heterozygous for T-DNA insertions in ß'1-COP and ß'2-COP showed that ß'1ß'2-cop gametophytes are not transmitted.

ß-COP Suppresses the Surface Expression of the TREK2.

K2P channels, also known as two-pore domain K+ channels, play a crucial role in maintaining the cell membrane potential and contributing to potassium homeostasis due to their leaky nature. The TREK, or tandem of pore domains in a weak inward rectifying K+ channel (TWIK)-related K+ channel, subfamily within the K2P family consists of mechanical channels regulated by various stimuli and binding proteins. Although TREK1 and TREK2 within the TREK subfamily share many similarities, ß-COP, which was previously known to bind to TREK1, exhibits a distinct binding pattern to other members of the TREK subfamily, including TREK2 and the TRAAK (TWIK-related acid-arachidonic activated K+ channel). In contrast to TREK1, ß-COP binds to the C-terminus of TREK2 and reduces its cell surface expression but does not bind to TRAAK. Furthermore, ß-COP cannot bind to TREK2 mutants with deletions or point mutations in the C-terminus and does not affect the surface expression of these TREK2 mutants. These results emphasize the unique role of ß-COP in regulating the surface expression of the TREK family.

Imaging findings of COPA Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Autosomal dominant mutations in the coatomer-associated protein alpha (COPA) gene cause an immune dysregulation disorder associated with pulmonary hemorrhage, lymphoid hyperplasia, arthritis, and glomerulonephritis. OBJECTIVE: To describe the thoracic, musculoskeletal, and renal imaging findings of COPA syndrome with a focus on the evolution of the pulmonary findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: With approval of the Institutional Review Board, consensus retrospective review of findings on chest radiography and computed tomography (CT), musculoskeletal radiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and renal ultrasound (US) was performed for pediatric COPA syndrome patients. COPA syndrome patients < 18 years of age presenting between 1992 and 2019 were identified from an institutional rheumatology registry. RESULTS: Twelve pediatric COPA syndrome patients (mean age of 6.5 years at first imaging exam; 6 females) were identified. Imaging exams available for review included 45 chest CT exams on 12 patients, 37 musculoskeletal exams on 4 patients, and 10 renal US exams on 5 patients. All 12 had abnormal chest CT exams, with findings including ground-glass opacities (12/12), cysts (8/12), septal thickening (9/12), nodules (8/12), fibrosis (7/12), crazy-paving (2/12), consolidation (1/12), hilar/mediastinal lymphadenopathy (11/12), and chest wall deformity (5/12). Nine had at least one follow-up chest CT, which showed improvement in nodules (7/9), ground-glass opacities (4/9), and lymphadenopathy (9/9), but worsening of septal thickening (3/9), cyst formation (3/9), and fibrosis (3/9). Four had musculoskeletal imaging revealing synovitis (2/4), bone erosions (1/4), tenosynovitis (1/4), enthesitis (1/4), and subcutaneous nodules (1/4). Five had at least one renal US, revealing renal size abnormalities (4/5) and cortical hyperechogenicity (3/5). CONCLUSION: The most prevalent imaging finding of COPA syndrome is diffuse lung disease related to early childhood-onset recurrent pulmonary hemorrhage and lymphoid hyperplasia that may progress to pulmonary fibrosis. Other imaging findings manifesting later in childhood or adolescence relate to arthritis and glomerulonephritis.

An interaction between ß'-COP and the ArfGAP, Glo3, maintains post-Golgi cargo recycling.

The essential COPI coat mediates retrieval of transmembrane proteins at the Golgi and endosomes following recruitment by the small GTPase, Arf1. ArfGAP proteins regulate COPI coats, but molecular details for COPI recognition by ArfGAPs remain elusive. Biochemical and biophysical data reveal how ß'-COP propeller domains directly engage the yeast ArfGAP, Glo3, with a low micromolar binding affinity. Calorimetry data demonstrate that both ß'-COP propeller domains are required to bind Glo3. An acidic patch on ß'-COP (D437/D450) interacts with Glo3 lysine residues located within the BoCCS (binding of coatomer, cargo, and SNAREs) region. Targeted point mutations in either Glo3 BoCCS or ß'-COP abrogate the interaction in vitro, and loss of the ß'-COP/Glo3 interaction drives Ste2 missorting to the vacuole and aberrant Golgi morphology in budding yeast. These data suggest that cells require the ß'-COP/Glo3 interaction for cargo recycling via endosomes and the TGN, where ß'-COP serves as a molecular platform to coordinate binding to multiple proteins, including Glo3, Arf1, and the COPI F-subcomplex.

ß-COP Regulates TWIK1/TREK1 Heterodimeric Channel-Mediated Passive Conductance in Astrocytes.

Mature astrocytes are characterized by a K+ conductance (passive conductance) that changes with a constant slope with voltage, which is involved in K+ homeostasis in the brain. Recently, we reported that the tandem of pore domains in a weak inward rectifying K+ channel (TWIK1 or KCNK1) and TWIK-related K+ channel 1 (TREK1 or KCNK2) form heterodimeric channels that mediate passive conductance in astrocytes. However, little is known about the binding proteins that regulate the function of the TWIK1/TREK1 heterodimeric channels. Here, we found that ß-coat protein (COP) regulated the surface expression and activity of the TWIK1/TREK1 heterodimeric channels in astrocytes. ß-COP binds directly to TREK1 but not TWIK1 in a heterologous expression system. However, ß-COP also interacts with the TWIK1/TREK1 heterodimeric channel in a TREK1 dependent manner and enhances the surface expression of the heterodimeric channel in astrocytes. Consequently, it regulates TWIK1/TREK1 heterodimeric channel-mediated passive conductance in astrocytes in the mouse brain. Taken together, these results suggest that ß-COP is a potential regulator of astrocytic passive conductance in the brain.

BMI1 promotes the proliferation and inhibits autophagy of breast cancer cells by activating COPZ1.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to explore the role of COPZ1 in breast cancer as well as discuss its specific reaction mechanism. METHODS: With the help of RT-qPCR and western blot, the expression of BMI1 and COPZ1 were measured. Then, the proliferation, colony formation and apoptosis were evaluated by CCK-8, colony formation and TUNEL assays, separately. Luciferase reporter assay and ChIP were applied to assess the relative activity of COPZ1 promoter as well as its binding with BMI1. Moreover, western blot was utilized to measure the expression of proliferation-, apoptosis- and autophagy-related proteins. RESULTS: According to GEPIA2 database, COPZ1 was upregulated in breast cancer tissues and was associated with the poor prognosis (P = 0.03). Results obtained from RT-qPCR and western blot verified that COPZ1 expression was greatly increased at both mRNA and protein levels in breast cancer cells as compared to control cells (P < 0.05 or P < 0.001). COPZ1 knockdown inhibited the proliferation, induced the autophagy and promoted the apoptosis of breast cancer cells. HumanTFDB predicted the binding sites of BMI1 and COPZ1. The increased relative luciferase activity of COPZ1 promoter following BMI1 overexpression (P < 0.001) and the binding of BMI1 with COPZ1 promoter indicated that BMI1 could activate COPZ1. Further experiments suggested that the effects of COPZ1 knockdown on the proliferation, apoptosis and autophagy of breast cancer cells were reversed by BMI1 overexpression, implying that BMI1 promoted the proliferation and repressed the autophagy of breast cancer cells via activating COPZ1. CONCLUSIONS: To sum up, BMI1 exhibited promotive effects on the malignant progression of breast cancer through the activation of COPZ1. These findings might offer a preliminary theoretical basis for COPZ1 participation in autophagy in breast cancer cells.

Ubiquitination drives COPI priming and Golgi SNARE localization.

Deciphering mechanisms controlling SNARE localization within the Golgi complex is crucial to understanding protein trafficking patterns within the secretory pathway. SNAREs are also thought to prime coatomer protein I (COPI) assembly to ensure incorporation of these essential cargoes into vesicles, but the regulation of these events is poorly understood. Here, we report roles for ubiquitin recognition by COPI in SNARE trafficking and in stabilizing interactions between Arf, COPI, and Golgi SNAREs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The ability of COPI to bind ubiquitin, but not the dilysine motif, through its N-terminal WD repeat domain of ß'-COP or through an unrelated ubiquitin-binding domain is essential for the proper localization of Golgi SNAREs Bet1 and Gos1. We find that COPI, the ArfGAP Glo3, and multiple Golgi SNAREs are ubiquitinated. Notably, the binding of Arf and COPI to Gos1 is markedly enhanced by ubiquitination of these components. Glo3 is proposed to prime COPI-SNARE interactions; however, Glo3 is not enriched in the ubiquitin-stabilized SNARE-Arf-COPI complex but is instead enriched with COPI complexes that lack SNAREs. These results support a new model for how posttranslational modifications drive COPI priming events crucial for Golgi SNARE localization.

Comprehensive analysis reveals COPB2 and RYK associated with tumor stages of larynx squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is one of the highly aggressive malignancy types of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas; genes involved in the development of LSCC still need exploration. METHODS: We downloaded expression profiles of 96 (85 in advanced stage and 11 in early stage) LSCC patients from TCGA-HNSC. Function enrichment and protein-protein interactions of genes in significant modules were conducted. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to explore potential prognostic biomarkers for LSCC. The expression levels of genes at different stages were compared and visualized via boxplots. Immune infiltration was examined by the CIBERSORTx web-based tool and depicted with ggplot2. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was utilized to analyze functional enrichment terms and pathways. Immunohistochemical staining (IHC) was used to verify the expression of genes in the LSCC samples. RESULTS: We identified 25 modules, including 3 modules significantly related to tumor stages of LSCC via weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). UIMC1, NPM1, and DCTN4 in the module 'cyan', TARS in the module 'darkorange', and COPB2 and RYK in the module 'lightyellow' showed statistically significant relation to overall survival. The expression of COPB2, DCTN4, RYK, TARS, and UIMC1 indicated association with the change of fraction of immune cells in LSCC patients; two genes, COPB2 and RYK, indicated different expression in various tumor stages of LSCC. Finally, COPB2 and RYK showed high-expression in tumor tissues of advanced LSCC patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provided a potential perceptive in analyzing progression of LSCC cells and exploring prognostic genes.

Differential Involvement of Arabidopsis ß'-COP Isoforms in Plant Development.

Coat protein I (COPI) is necessary for intra-Golgi transport and retrograde transport from the Golgi apparatus back to the endoplasmic reticulum. The key component of the COPI coat is the coatomer complex, which is composed of seven subunits (α/ß/ß'/γ/δ/ε/ζ) and is recruited en bloc from the cytosol onto Golgi membranes. In mammals and yeast, α- and ß'-COP WD40 domains mediate cargo-selective interactions with dilysine motifs present in canonical cargoes of COPI vesicles. In contrast to mammals and yeast, three isoforms of ß'-COP (ß'1-3-COP) have been identified in Arabidopsis. To understand the role of Arabidopsis ß'-COP isoforms in plant biology, we have identified and characterized loss-of-function mutants of the three isoforms, and double mutants were also generated. We have found that the trafficking of a canonical dilysine cargo (the p24 family protein p24δ5) is affected in ß'-COP double mutants. By western blot analysis, it is also shown that protein levels of α-COP are reduced in the ß'-COP double mutants. Although none of the single mutants showed an obvious growth defect, double mutants showed different growth phenotypes. The double mutant analysis suggests that, under standard growth conditions, ß'1-COP can compensate for the loss of both ß'2-COP and ß'3-COP and may have a prominent role during seedling development.

An extended motif in the SARS-CoV-2 spike modulates binding and release of host coatomer in retrograde trafficking.

ß-Coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2 hijack coatomer protein-I (COPI) for spike protein retrograde trafficking to the progeny assembly site in endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC). However, limited residue-level details are available into how the spike interacts with COPI. Here we identify an extended COPI binding motif in the spike that encompasses the canonical K-x-H dibasic sequence. This motif demonstrates selectivity for αCOPI subunit. Guided by an in silico analysis of dibasic motifs in the human proteome, we employ mutagenesis and binding assays to show that the spike motif terminal residues are critical modulators of complex dissociation, which is essential for spike release in ERGIC. αCOPI residues critical for spike motif binding are elucidated by mutagenesis and crystallography and found to be conserved in the zoonotic reservoirs, bats, pangolins, camels, and in humans. Collectively, our investigation on the spike motif identifies key COPI binding determinants with implications for retrograde trafficking.

Identification of COPA as a potential prognostic biomarker and pharmacological intervention target of cervical cancer by quantitative proteomics and experimental verification.

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is the most fatal gynecological carcinoma in the world. It is urgent to explore novel prognostic biomarkers and intervention targets for cervical cancer. METHODS: Through integrated quantitative proteomic strategy, we investigated the protein expression profiles of cervical cancer; 28 fresh frozen tissue samples (11 adenocarcinoma (AC), 12 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 5 normal cervixes (HC)) were included in discover cohort; 45 fresh frozen tissue samples (19 AC, 18 SCC and 8 HC) were included in verification cohort; 140 paraffin-embedded tissues samples of cervical cancer (85 AC and 55 SCC) were used for immunohistochemical evaluation (IHC) of coatomer protein subunit alpha (COPA) as a prognostic biomarker for cervical cancer; how deficiency of COPA affects cell viability and tumorigenic ability of cervical cancer cells (SiHa cells and HeLa cells) were evaluated by cell counting kit-8 and clone formation in vitro. RESULTS: We identified COPA is a potential prognostic biomarker for cervical cancer in quantitative proteomics analysis. By retrospective IHC analysis, we additionally verified the proteomics results and demonstrated moderate or strong IHC staining for COPA is an unfavourable independent prognostic factor for cervical cancer. We also identified COPA is a potential pharmacological intervention target of cervical cancer by a series of in vitro experiments. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to demonstrate that COPA may contribute to progression of cervical cancer. It can serve as a potential prognostic biomarker and promising intervention target for cervical cancer.

ARF1 with Sec7 Domain-Dependent GBF1 Activates Coatomer Protein I To Support Classical Swine Fever Virus Entry.

Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), a positive-sense, enveloped RNA virus that belongs to the Flaviviridae family, hijacks cell host proteins for its own replication. We previously demonstrated that Golgi-specific brefeldin A (BFA) resistance factor 1 (GBF1), a regulator of intracellular transport, mediates CSFV infection. However, the molecular mechanism by which this protein regulates CSFV proliferation remains unelucidated. In this study, we constructed a series of plasmids expressing GBF1 truncation mutants to investigate their behavior during CSFV infection and found that GBF1 truncation mutants containing the Sec7 domain could rescue CSFV replication in BFA- and GCA (golgicide A)-treated swine umbilical vein endothelial cells (SUVECs), demonstrating that the effect of GBF1 on CSFV infection depended on the activity of guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). Additionally, it was found that ADP ribosylation factors (ARFs), which are known to be activated by the Sec7 domain of GBF1, also regulated CSFV proliferation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ARF1 is more important for CSFV infection than other ARF members with Sec7 domain dependence. Subsequent experiments established the function of coatomer protein I (COP I), a downstream effector of ARF1 which is also required for CSFV infection by mediating CSFV invasion. Mechanistically, inhibition of COP I function impaired CSFV invasion by inhibiting cholesterol transport to the plasma membrane and regulating virion transport from early to late endosomes. Collectively, our results suggest that ARF1, with domain-dependent GBF1 Sec7, activates COP I to facilitate CSFV entry into SUVECs. IMPORTANCE Classical swine fever (CSF), a highly contact-infectious disease caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infecting domestic pigs or wild boars, has caused huge economic losses to the pig industry. Our previous studies have revealed that GBF1 and class I and II ARFs are required for CSFV proliferation. However, a direct functional link between GBF1, ARF1, and COP I and the mechanism of the GBF1-ARF1-COP I complex in CSFV infection are still poorly understood. Here, our data support a model in which COP I supports CSFV entry into SUVECs in two different ways, depending on the GBF1-ARF1 function. On the one hand, the GBF1-ARF1-COP I complex mediates cholesterol trafficking to the plasma membrane to support CSFV entry. On the other hand, the GBF1-ARF1-COP I complex mediates CSFV transport from early to late endosomes during the entry steps.

Optogenetic Inhibition of Nav1.8 Expressing Corneal Afferents Reduces Persistent Dry Eye Pain.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the contribution of Nav1.8 expressing corneal afferent neurons to the presence of ongoing pain in lacrimal gland excision (LGE)-induced dry eye. Methods: The proton pump archaerhodopsin-3/eGFP (ArchT/eGFP) was conditionally expressed in corneal afferents using Nav1.8-cre mice. Dry eye was produced by unilateral LGE. Real time place preference was assessed using a three-chamber apparatus. A neutral, unlit center chamber was flanked by one illuminated with a control light and one illuminated with an ArchT activating light. For real-time preference, animals were placed in the neutral chamber and tracked over five 10-minute sessions, with the lights turned on during the second and fourth sessions. In other studies, movement was tracked over three 10-minute sessions (the lights turned on only during the second session), with animals tested once per day over the course of 4 days. A local anesthetic was used to examine the role of ongoing corneal afferent activity in producing place preference. Results: The corneal afferent nerves and trigeminal ganglion cell bodies showed a robust eGFP signal in Nav1.8-cre;ArchT/eGFP mice. After LGE, Nav1.8-cre;ArchT/eGFP mice demonstrated a preference for the ArchT activating light paired chamber. Preference was prevented with pre-application to the cornea of a local anesthetic. Nav1.8-cre;ArchT/eGFP mice with sham surgery and LGE wild-type control mice did not develop preference. Conclusions: Results indicate LGE-induced persistent, ongoing pain, driven by Nav1.8 expressing corneal afferents. Inhibition of these neurons represents a potential strategy for treating ongoing dry eye-induced pain.

COPB2: a transport protein with multifaceted roles in cancer development and progression

The Coatomer protein complex subunit beta 2 (COPB2) is involved in the formation of the COPI coatomer protein complex and is responsible for the transport of vesicles between the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum. It plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of these cellular organelles, as well as in maintaining cell homeostasis. More importantly, COPB2 plays key roles in embryonic development and tumor progression. COPB2 is regarded as a vital oncogene in several cancer types and has been implicated in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the roles of COPB2 in cancer development and progression in the context of the hallmarks of cancer (AU)